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:mod:`email.mime`: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch --------------------------------------------------------------- .. module:: email.mime :synopsis: Build MIME messages. Ordinarily, you get a message object structure by passing a file or some text to a parser, which parses the text and returns the root message object. However you can also build a complete message structure from scratch, or even individual :class:`~email.message.Message` objects by hand. In fact, you can also take an existing structure and add new :class:`~email.message.Message` objects, move them around, etc. This makes a very convenient interface for slicing-and-dicing MIME messages. You can create a new object structure by creating :class:`~email.message.Message` instances, adding attachments and all the appropriate headers manually. For MIME messages though, the :mod:`email` package provides some convenient subclasses to make things easier. Here are the classes: .. currentmodule:: email.mime.base .. class:: MIMEBase(_maintype, _subtype, **_params) Module: :mod:`email.mime.base` This is the base class for all the MIME-specific subclasses of :class:`~email.message.Message`. Ordinarily you won't create instances specifically of :class:`MIMEBase`, although you could. :class:`MIMEBase` is provided primarily as a convenient base class for more specific MIME-aware subclasses. *_maintype* is the :mailheader:`Content-Type` major type (e.g. :mimetype:`text` or :mimetype:`image`), and *_subtype* is the :mailheader:`Content-Type` minor type (e.g. :mimetype:`plain` or :mimetype:`gif`). *_params* is a parameter key/value dictionary and is passed directly to :meth:`Message.add_header`. The :class:`MIMEBase` class always adds a :mailheader:`Content-Type` header (based on *_maintype*, *_subtype*, and *_params*), and a :mailheader:`MIME-Version` header (always set to ``1.0``). .. currentmodule:: email.mime.nonmultipart .. class:: MIMENonMultipart() Module: :mod:`email.mime.nonmultipart` A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.base.MIMEBase`, this is an intermediate base class for MIME messages that are not :mimetype:`multipart`. The primary purpose of this class is to prevent the use of the :meth:`attach` method, which only makes sense for :mimetype:`multipart` messages. If :meth:`attach` is called, a :exc:`~email.errors.MultipartConversionError` exception is raised. .. versionadded:: 2.2.2 .. currentmodule:: email.mime.multipart .. class:: MIMEMultipart([_subtype[, boundary[, _subparts[, _params]]]]) Module: :mod:`email.mime.multipart` A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.base.MIMEBase`, this is an intermediate base class for MIME messages that are :mimetype:`multipart`. Optional *_subtype* defaults to :mimetype:`mixed`, but can be used to specify the subtype of the message. A :mailheader:`Content-Type` header of :mimetype:`multipart/_subtype` will be added to the message object. A :mailheader:`MIME-Version` header will also be added. Optional *boundary* is the multipart boundary string. When ``None`` (the default), the boundary is calculated when needed (for example, when the message is serialized). *_subparts* is a sequence of initial subparts for the payload. It must be possible to convert this sequence to a list. You can always attach new subparts to the message by using the :meth:`Message.attach` method. Additional parameters for the :mailheader:`Content-Type` header are taken from the keyword arguments, or passed into the *_params* argument, which is a keyword dictionary. .. versionadded:: 2.2.2 .. currentmodule:: email.mime.application .. class:: MIMEApplication(_data[, _subtype[, _encoder[, **_params]]]) Module: :mod:`email.mime.application` A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the :class:`MIMEApplication` class is used to represent MIME message objects of major type :mimetype:`application`. *_data* is a string containing the raw byte data. Optional *_subtype* specifies the MIME subtype and defaults to :mimetype:`octet-stream`. Optional *_encoder* is a callable (i.e. function) which will perform the actual encoding of the data for transport. This callable takes one argument, which is the :class:`MIMEApplication` instance. It should use :meth:`get_payload` and :meth:`set_payload` to change the payload to encoded form. It should also add any :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` or other headers to the message object as necessary. The default encoding is base64. See the :mod:`email.encoders` module for a list of the built-in encoders. *_params* are passed straight through to the base class constructor. .. versionadded:: 2.5 .. currentmodule:: email.mime.audio .. class:: MIMEAudio(_audiodata[, _subtype[, _encoder[, **_params]]]) Module: :mod:`email.mime.audio` A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the :class:`MIMEAudio` class is used to create MIME message objects of major type :mimetype:`audio`. *_audiodata* is a string containing the raw audio data. If this data can be decoded by the standard Python module :mod:`sndhdr`, then the subtype will be automatically included in the :mailheader:`Content-Type` header. Otherwise you can explicitly specify the audio subtype via the *_subtype* parameter. If the minor type could not be guessed and *_subtype* was not given, then :exc:`TypeError` is raised. Optional *_encoder* is a callable (i.e. function) which will perform the actual encoding of the audio data for transport. This callable takes one argument, which is the :class:`MIMEAudio` instance. It should use :meth:`get_payload` and :meth:`set_payload` to change the payload to encoded form. It should also add any :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` or other headers to the message object as necessary. The default encoding is base64. See the :mod:`email.encoders` module for a list of the built-in encoders. *_params* are passed straight through to the base class constructor. .. currentmodule:: email.mime.image .. class:: MIMEImage(_imagedata[, _subtype[, _encoder[, **_params]]]) Module: :mod:`email.mime.image` A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the :class:`MIMEImage` class is used to create MIME message objects of major type :mimetype:`image`. *_imagedata* is a string containing the raw image data. If this data can be decoded by the standard Python module :mod:`imghdr`, then the subtype will be automatically included in the :mailheader:`Content-Type` header. Otherwise you can explicitly specify the image subtype via the *_subtype* parameter. If the minor type could not be guessed and *_subtype* was not given, then :exc:`TypeError` is raised. Optional *_encoder* is a callable (i.e. function) which will perform the actual encoding of the image data for transport. This callable takes one argument, which is the :class:`MIMEImage` instance. It should use :meth:`get_payload` and :meth:`set_payload` to change the payload to encoded form. It should also add any :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` or other headers to the message object as necessary. The default encoding is base64. See the :mod:`email.encoders` module for a list of the built-in encoders. *_params* are passed straight through to the :class:`~email.mime.base.MIMEBase` constructor. .. currentmodule:: email.mime.message .. class:: MIMEMessage(_msg[, _subtype]) Module: :mod:`email.mime.message` A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the :class:`MIMEMessage` class is used to create MIME objects of main type :mimetype:`message`. *_msg* is used as the payload, and must be an instance of class :class:`~email.message.Message` (or a subclass thereof), otherwise a :exc:`TypeError` is raised. Optional *_subtype* sets the subtype of the message; it defaults to :mimetype:`rfc822`. .. currentmodule:: email.mime.text .. class:: MIMEText(_text[, _subtype[, _charset]]) Module: :mod:`email.mime.text` A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the :class:`MIMEText` class is used to create MIME objects of major type :mimetype:`text`. *_text* is the string for the payload. *_subtype* is the minor type and defaults to :mimetype:`plain`. *_charset* is the character set of the text and is passed as a parameter to the :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart` constructor; it defaults to ``us-ascii``. If *_text* is unicode, it is encoded using the *output_charset* of *_charset*, otherwise it is used as-is. .. versionchanged:: 2.4 The previously deprecated *_encoding* argument has been removed. Content Transfer Encoding now happens implicitly based on the *_charset* argument. Unless the ``_charset`` parameter is explicitly set to ``None``, the MIMEText object created will have both a :mailheader:`Content-Type` header with a ``charset`` parameter, and a :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Endcoding` header. This means that a subsequent ``set_payload`` call will not result in an encoded payload, even if a charset is passed in the ``set_payload`` command. You can "reset" this behavior by deleting the ``Content-Transfer-Encoding`` header, after which a ``set_payload`` call will automatically encode the new payload (and add a new :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` header).