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[See the end of this file for ** TIPS ** on using IDLE !!] Click on the dotted line at the top of a menu to "tear it off": a separate window containing the menu is created. File Menu: New Window -- Create a new editing window Open... -- Open an existing file Recent Files... -- Open a list of recent files Open Module... -- Open an existing module (searches sys.path) Class Browser -- Show classes and methods in current file Path Browser -- Show sys.path directories, modules, classes and methods --- Save -- Save current window to the associated file (unsaved windows have a * before and after the window title) Save As... -- Save current window to new file, which becomes the associated file Save Copy As... -- Save current window to different file without changing the associated file --- Print Window -- Print the current window --- Close -- Close current window (asks to save if unsaved) Exit -- Close all windows, quit (asks to save if unsaved) Edit Menu: Undo -- Undo last change to current window (A maximum of 1000 changes may be undone) Redo -- Redo last undone change to current window --- Cut -- Copy a selection into system-wide clipboard, then delete the selection Copy -- Copy selection into system-wide clipboard Paste -- Insert system-wide clipboard into window Select All -- Select the entire contents of the edit buffer --- Find... -- Open a search dialog box with many options Find Again -- Repeat last search Find Selection -- Search for the string in the selection Find in Files... -- Open a search dialog box for searching files Replace... -- Open a search-and-replace dialog box Go to Line -- Ask for a line number and show that line Show Calltip -- Open a small window with function param hints Show Completions -- Open a scroll window allowing selection keywords and attributes. (see '*TIPS*', below) Show Parens -- Highlight the surrounding parenthesis Expand Word -- Expand the word you have typed to match another word in the same buffer; repeat to get a different expansion Format Menu (only in Edit window): Indent Region -- Shift selected lines right 4 spaces Dedent Region -- Shift selected lines left 4 spaces Comment Out Region -- Insert ## in front of selected lines Uncomment Region -- Remove leading # or ## from selected lines Tabify Region -- Turns *leading* stretches of spaces into tabs (Note: We recommend using 4 space blocks to indent Python code.) Untabify Region -- Turn *all* tabs into the right number of spaces New Indent Width... -- Open dialog to change indent width Format Paragraph -- Reformat the current blank-line-separated paragraph Run Menu (only in Edit window): Python Shell -- Open or wake up the Python shell window --- Check Module -- Run a syntax check on the module Run Module -- Execute the current file in the __main__ namespace Shell Menu (only in Shell window): View Last Restart -- Scroll the shell window to the last restart Restart Shell -- Restart the interpreter with a fresh environment Debug Menu (only in Shell window): Go to File/Line -- look around the insert point for a filename and line number, open the file, and show the line Debugger (toggle) -- Run commands in the shell under the debugger Stack Viewer -- Show the stack traceback of the last exception Auto-open Stack Viewer (toggle) -- Open stack viewer on traceback Options Menu: Configure IDLE -- Open a configuration dialog. Fonts, indentation, keybindings, and color themes may be altered. Startup Preferences may be set, and Additional Help Sources can be specified. On OS X this menu is not present, use menu 'IDLE -> Preferences...' instead. --- Code Context -- Open a pane at the top of the edit window which shows the block context of the section of code which is scrolling off the top or the window. (Not present in Shell window.) Windows Menu: Zoom Height -- toggles the window between configured size and maximum height. --- The rest of this menu lists the names of all open windows; select one to bring it to the foreground (deiconifying it if necessary). Help Menu: About IDLE -- Version, copyright, license, credits IDLE Readme -- Background discussion and change details --- IDLE Help -- Display this file Python Docs -- Access local Python documentation, if installed. Otherwise, access www.python.org. --- (Additional Help Sources may be added here) Edit context menu (Right-click / Control-click on OS X in Edit window): Cut -- Copy a selection into system-wide clipboard, then delete the selection Copy -- Copy selection into system-wide clipboard Paste -- Insert system-wide clipboard into window Set Breakpoint -- Sets a breakpoint (when debugger open) Clear Breakpoint -- Clears the breakpoint on that line Shell context menu (Right-click / Control-click on OS X in Shell window): Cut -- Copy a selection into system-wide clipboard, then delete the selection Copy -- Copy selection into system-wide clipboard Paste -- Insert system-wide clipboard into window --- Go to file/line -- Same as in Debug menu ** TIPS ** ========== Additional Help Sources: Windows users can Google on zopeshelf.chm to access Zope help files in the Windows help format. The Additional Help Sources feature of the configuration GUI supports .chm, along with any other filetypes supported by your browser. Supply a Menu Item title, and enter the location in the Help File Path slot of the New Help Source dialog. Use http:// and/or www. to identify external URLs, or download the file and browse for its path on your machine using the Browse button. All users can access the extensive sources of help, including tutorials, available at www.python.org/doc. Selected URLs can be added or removed from the Help menu at any time using Configure IDLE. Basic editing and navigation: Backspace deletes char to the left; DEL deletes char to the right. Control-backspace deletes word left, Control-DEL deletes word right. Arrow keys and Page Up/Down move around. Control-left/right Arrow moves by words in a strange but useful way. Home/End go to begin/end of line. Control-Home/End go to begin/end of file. Some useful Emacs bindings are inherited from Tcl/Tk: Control-a beginning of line Control-e end of line Control-k kill line (but doesn't put it in clipboard) Control-l center window around the insertion point Standard Windows bindings may work on that platform. Keybindings are selected in the Settings Dialog, look there. Automatic indentation: After a block-opening statement, the next line is indented by 4 spaces (in the Python Shell window by one tab). After certain keywords (break, return etc.) the next line is dedented. In leading indentation, Backspace deletes up to 4 spaces if they are there. Tab inserts spaces (in the Python Shell window one tab), number depends on Indent Width. (N.B. Currently tabs are restricted to four spaces due to Tcl/Tk issues.) See also the indent/dedent region commands in the edit menu. Completions: Completions are supplied for functions, classes, and attributes of classes, both built-in and user-defined. Completions are also provided for filenames. The AutoCompleteWindow (ACW) will open after a predefined delay (default is two seconds) after a '.' or (in a string) an os.sep is typed. If after one of those characters (plus zero or more other characters) you type a Tab the ACW will open immediately if a possible continuation is found. If there is only one possible completion for the characters entered, a Tab will supply that completion without opening the ACW. 'Show Completions' will force open a completions window. In an empty string, this will contain the files in the current directory. On a blank line, it will contain the built-in and user-defined functions and classes in the current name spaces, plus any modules imported. If some characters have been entered, the ACW will attempt to be more specific. If string of characters is typed, the ACW selection will jump to the entry most closely matching those characters. Entering a Tab will cause the longest non-ambiguous match to be entered in the Edit window or Shell. Two Tabs in a row will supply the current ACW selection, as will Return or a double click. Cursor keys, Page Up/Down, mouse selection, and the scrollwheel all operate on the ACW. 'Hidden' attributes can be accessed by typing the beginning of hidden name after a '.'. e.g. '_'. This allows access to modules with '__all__' set, or to class-private attributes. Completions and the 'Expand Word' facility can save a lot of typing! Completions are currently limited to those in the namespaces. Names in an Edit window which are not via __main__ or sys.modules will not be found. Run the module once with your imports to correct this situation. Note that IDLE itself places quite a few modules in sys.modules, so much can be found by default, e.g. the re module. If you don't like the ACW popping up unbidden, simply make the delay longer or disable the extension. OTOH, you could make the delay zero. You could also switch off the CallTips extension. (We will be adding a delay to the call tip window.) Python Shell window: Control-c interrupts executing command. Control-d sends end-of-file; closes window if typed at >>> prompt. Command history: Alt-p retrieves previous command matching what you have typed. Alt-n retrieves next. (These are Control-p, Control-n on OS X) Return while cursor is on a previous command retrieves that command. Expand word is also useful to reduce typing. Syntax colors: The coloring is applied in a background "thread", so you may occasionally see uncolorized text. To change the color scheme, use the Configure IDLE / Highlighting dialog. Python default syntax colors: Keywords orange Builtins royal purple Strings green Comments red Definitions blue Shell default colors: Console output brown stdout blue stderr red stdin black Other preferences: The font preferences, keybinding, and startup preferences can be changed using the Settings dialog. Command line usage: Enter idle -h at the command prompt to get a usage message. Running without a subprocess: If IDLE is started with the -n command line switch it will run in a single process and will not create the subprocess which runs the RPC Python execution server. This can be useful if Python cannot create the subprocess or the RPC socket interface on your platform. However, in this mode user code is not isolated from IDLE itself. Also, the environment is not restarted when Run/Run Module (F5) is selected. If your code has been modified, you must reload() the affected modules and re-import any specific items (e.g. from foo import baz) if the changes are to take effect. For these reasons, it is preferable to run IDLE with the default subprocess if at all possible. Extensions: IDLE contains an extension facility. See the beginning of config-extensions.def in the idlelib directory for further information. The default extensions are currently: FormatParagraph AutoExpand ZoomHeight ScriptBinding CallTips ParenMatch AutoComplete CodeContext