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:mod:`inspect` --- Inspect live objects ======================================= .. module:: inspect :synopsis: Extract information and source code from live objects. .. moduleauthor:: Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org> .. sectionauthor:: Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org> .. versionadded:: 2.1 **Source code:** :source:`Lib/inspect.py` -------------- The :mod:`inspect` module provides several useful functions to help get information about live objects such as modules, classes, methods, functions, tracebacks, frame objects, and code objects. For example, it can help you examine the contents of a class, retrieve the source code of a method, extract and format the argument list for a function, or get all the information you need to display a detailed traceback. There are four main kinds of services provided by this module: type checking, getting source code, inspecting classes and functions, and examining the interpreter stack. .. _inspect-types: Types and members ----------------- The :func:`getmembers` function retrieves the members of an object such as a class or module. The sixteen functions whose names begin with "is" are mainly provided as convenient choices for the second argument to :func:`getmembers`. They also help you determine when you can expect to find the following special attributes: +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | Type | Attribute | Description | Notes | +===========+=================+===========================+=======+ | module | __doc__ | documentation string | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | __file__ | filename (missing for | | | | | built-in modules) | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | class | __doc__ | documentation string | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | __module__ | name of module in which | | | | | this class was defined | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | method | __doc__ | documentation string | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | __name__ | name with which this | | | | | method was defined | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | im_class | class object that asked | \(1) | | | | for this method | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | im_func or | function object | | | | __func__ | containing implementation | | | | | of method | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | im_self or | instance to which this | | | | __self__ | method is bound, or | | | | | ``None`` | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | function | __doc__ | documentation string | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | __name__ | name with which this | | | | | function was defined | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | func_code | code object containing | | | | | compiled function | | | | | :term:`bytecode` | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | func_defaults | tuple of any default | | | | | values for arguments | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | func_doc | (same as __doc__) | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | func_globals | global namespace in which | | | | | this function was defined | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | func_name | (same as __name__) | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | generator | __iter__ | defined to support | | | | | iteration over container | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | close | raises new GeneratorExit | | | | | exception inside the | | | | | generator to terminate | | | | | the iteration | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | gi_code | code object | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | gi_frame | frame object or possibly | | | | | None once the generator | | | | | has been exhausted | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | gi_running | set to 1 when generator | | | | | is executing, 0 otherwise | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | next | return the next item from | | | | | the container | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | send | resumes the generator and | | | | | "sends" a value that | | | | | becomes the result of the | | | | | current yield-expression | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | throw | used to raise an | | | | | exception inside the | | | | | generator | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | traceback | tb_frame | frame object at this | | | | | level | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | tb_lasti | index of last attempted | | | | | instruction in bytecode | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | tb_lineno | current line number in | | | | | Python source code | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | tb_next | next inner traceback | | | | | object (called by this | | | | | level) | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | frame | f_back | next outer frame object | | | | | (this frame's caller) | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | f_builtins | builtins namespace seen | | | | | by this frame | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | f_code | code object being | | | | | executed in this frame | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | f_exc_traceback | traceback if raised in | | | | | this frame, or ``None`` | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | f_exc_type | exception type if raised | | | | | in this frame, or | | | | | ``None`` | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | f_exc_value | exception value if raised | | | | | in this frame, or | | | | | ``None`` | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | f_globals | global namespace seen by | | | | | this frame | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | f_lasti | index of last attempted | | | | | instruction in bytecode | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | f_lineno | current line number in | | | | | Python source code | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | f_locals | local namespace seen by | | | | | this frame | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | f_restricted | 0 or 1 if frame is in | | | | | restricted execution mode | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | f_trace | tracing function for this | | | | | frame, or ``None`` | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | code | co_argcount | number of arguments (not | | | | | including \* or \*\* | | | | | args) | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | co_code | string of raw compiled | | | | | bytecode | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | co_consts | tuple of constants used | | | | | in the bytecode | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | co_filename | name of file in which | | | | | this code object was | | | | | created | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | co_firstlineno | number of first line in | | | | | Python source code | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | co_flags | bitmap: 1=optimized ``|`` | | | | | 2=newlocals ``|`` 4=\*arg | | | | | ``|`` 8=\*\*arg | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | co_lnotab | encoded mapping of line | | | | | numbers to bytecode | | | | | indices | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | co_name | name with which this code | | | | | object was defined | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | co_names | tuple of names of local | | | | | variables | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | co_nlocals | number of local variables | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | co_stacksize | virtual machine stack | | | | | space required | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | co_varnames | tuple of names of | | | | | arguments and local | | | | | variables | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | builtin | __doc__ | documentation string | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | __name__ | original name of this | | | | | function or method | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ | | __self__ | instance to which a | | | | | method is bound, or | | | | | ``None`` | | +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+ Note: (1) .. versionchanged:: 2.2 :attr:`im_class` used to refer to the class that defined the method. .. function:: getmembers(object[, predicate]) Return all the members of an object in a list of (name, value) pairs sorted by name. If the optional *predicate* argument is supplied, only members for which the predicate returns a true value are included. .. note:: :func:`getmembers` does not return metaclass attributes when the argument is a class (this behavior is inherited from the :func:`dir` function). .. function:: getmoduleinfo(path) Return a tuple of values that describe how Python will interpret the file identified by *path* if it is a module, or ``None`` if it would not be identified as a module. The return tuple is ``(name, suffix, mode, module_type)``, where *name* is the name of the module without the name of any enclosing package, *suffix* is the trailing part of the file name (which may not be a dot-delimited extension), *mode* is the :func:`open` mode that would be used (``'r'`` or ``'rb'``), and *module_type* is an integer giving the type of the module. *module_type* will have a value which can be compared to the constants defined in the :mod:`imp` module; see the documentation for that module for more information on module types. .. versionchanged:: 2.6 Returns a :term:`named tuple` ``ModuleInfo(name, suffix, mode, module_type)``. .. function:: getmodulename(path) Return the name of the module named by the file *path*, without including the names of enclosing packages. This uses the same algorithm as the interpreter uses when searching for modules. If the name cannot be matched according to the interpreter's rules, ``None`` is returned. .. function:: ismodule(object) Return true if the object is a module. .. function:: isclass(object) Return true if the object is a class, whether built-in or created in Python code. .. function:: ismethod(object) Return true if the object is a bound method written in Python. .. function:: isfunction(object) Return true if the object is a Python function, which includes functions created by a :term:`lambda` expression. .. function:: isgeneratorfunction(object) Return true if the object is a Python generator function. .. versionadded:: 2.6 .. function:: isgenerator(object) Return true if the object is a generator. .. versionadded:: 2.6 .. function:: istraceback(object) Return true if the object is a traceback. .. function:: isframe(object) Return true if the object is a frame. .. function:: iscode(object) Return true if the object is a code. .. function:: isbuiltin(object) Return true if the object is a built-in function or a bound built-in method. .. function:: isroutine(object) Return true if the object is a user-defined or built-in function or method. .. function:: isabstract(object) Return true if the object is an abstract base class. .. versionadded:: 2.6 .. function:: ismethoddescriptor(object) Return true if the object is a method descriptor, but not if :func:`ismethod`, :func:`isclass`, :func:`isfunction` or :func:`isbuiltin` are true. This is new as of Python 2.2, and, for example, is true of ``int.__add__``. An object passing this test has a :attr:`__get__` attribute but not a :attr:`__set__` attribute, but beyond that the set of attributes varies. :attr:`__name__` is usually sensible, and :attr:`__doc__` often is. Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other tests return false from the :func:`ismethoddescriptor` test, simply because the other tests promise more -- you can, e.g., count on having the :attr:`im_func` attribute (etc) when an object passes :func:`ismethod`. .. function:: isdatadescriptor(object) Return true if the object is a data descriptor. Data descriptors have both a :attr:`__get__` and a :attr:`__set__` attribute. Examples are properties (defined in Python), getsets, and members. The latter two are defined in C and there are more specific tests available for those types, which is robust across Python implementations. Typically, data descriptors will also have :attr:`__name__` and :attr:`__doc__` attributes (properties, getsets, and members have both of these attributes), but this is not guaranteed. .. versionadded:: 2.3 .. function:: isgetsetdescriptor(object) Return true if the object is a getset descriptor. .. impl-detail:: getsets are attributes defined in extension modules via :c:type:`PyGetSetDef` structures. For Python implementations without such types, this method will always return ``False``. .. versionadded:: 2.5 .. function:: ismemberdescriptor(object) Return true if the object is a member descriptor. .. impl-detail:: Member descriptors are attributes defined in extension modules via :c:type:`PyMemberDef` structures. For Python implementations without such types, this method will always return ``False``. .. versionadded:: 2.5 .. _inspect-source: Retrieving source code ---------------------- .. function:: getdoc(object) Get the documentation string for an object, cleaned up with :func:`cleandoc`. .. function:: getcomments(object) Return in a single string any lines of comments immediately preceding the object's source code (for a class, function, or method), or at the top of the Python source file (if the object is a module). .. function:: getfile(object) Return the name of the (text or binary) file in which an object was defined. This will fail with a :exc:`TypeError` if the object is a built-in module, class, or function. .. function:: getmodule(object) Try to guess which module an object was defined in. .. function:: getsourcefile(object) Return the name of the Python source file in which an object was defined. This will fail with a :exc:`TypeError` if the object is a built-in module, class, or function. .. function:: getsourcelines(object) Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object. The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code object. The source code is returned as a list of the lines corresponding to the object and the line number indicates where in the original source file the first line of code was found. An :exc:`IOError` is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved. .. function:: getsource(object) Return the text of the source code for an object. The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code object. The source code is returned as a single string. An :exc:`IOError` is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved. .. function:: cleandoc(doc) Clean up indentation from docstrings that are indented to line up with blocks of code. Any whitespace that can be uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed. Also, all tabs are expanded to spaces. .. versionadded:: 2.6 .. _inspect-classes-functions: Classes and functions --------------------- .. function:: getclasstree(classes[, unique]) Arrange the given list of classes into a hierarchy of nested lists. Where a nested list appears, it contains classes derived from the class whose entry immediately precedes the list. Each entry is a 2-tuple containing a class and a tuple of its base classes. If the *unique* argument is true, exactly one entry appears in the returned structure for each class in the given list. Otherwise, classes using multiple inheritance and their descendants will appear multiple times. .. function:: getargspec(func) Get the names and default values of a Python function's arguments. A tuple of four things is returned: ``(args, varargs, keywords, defaults)``. *args* is a list of the argument names (it may contain nested lists). *varargs* and *keywords* are the names of the ``*`` and ``**`` arguments or ``None``. *defaults* is a tuple of default argument values or None if there are no default arguments; if this tuple has *n* elements, they correspond to the last *n* elements listed in *args*. .. versionchanged:: 2.6 Returns a :term:`named tuple` ``ArgSpec(args, varargs, keywords, defaults)``. .. function:: getargvalues(frame) Get information about arguments passed into a particular frame. A tuple of four things is returned: ``(args, varargs, keywords, locals)``. *args* is a list of the argument names (it may contain nested lists). *varargs* and *keywords* are the names of the ``*`` and ``**`` arguments or ``None``. *locals* is the locals dictionary of the given frame. .. versionchanged:: 2.6 Returns a :term:`named tuple` ``ArgInfo(args, varargs, keywords, locals)``. .. function:: formatargspec(args[, varargs, varkw, defaults, formatarg, formatvarargs, formatvarkw, formatvalue, join]) Format a pretty argument spec from the four values returned by :func:`getargspec`. The format\* arguments are the corresponding optional formatting functions that are called to turn names and values into strings. .. function:: formatargvalues(args[, varargs, varkw, locals, formatarg, formatvarargs, formatvarkw, formatvalue, join]) Format a pretty argument spec from the four values returned by :func:`getargvalues`. The format\* arguments are the corresponding optional formatting functions that are called to turn names and values into strings. .. function:: getmro(cls) Return a tuple of class cls's base classes, including cls, in method resolution order. No class appears more than once in this tuple. Note that the method resolution order depends on cls's type. Unless a very peculiar user-defined metatype is in use, cls will be the first element of the tuple. .. function:: getcallargs(func[, *args][, **kwds]) Bind the *args* and *kwds* to the argument names of the Python function or method *func*, as if it was called with them. For bound methods, bind also the first argument (typically named ``self``) to the associated instance. A dict is returned, mapping the argument names (including the names of the ``*`` and ``**`` arguments, if any) to their values from *args* and *kwds*. In case of invoking *func* incorrectly, i.e. whenever ``func(*args, **kwds)`` would raise an exception because of incompatible signature, an exception of the same type and the same or similar message is raised. For example:: >>> from inspect import getcallargs >>> def f(a, b=1, *pos, **named): ... pass >>> getcallargs(f, 1, 2, 3) {'a': 1, 'named': {}, 'b': 2, 'pos': (3,)} >>> getcallargs(f, a=2, x=4) {'a': 2, 'named': {'x': 4}, 'b': 1, 'pos': ()} >>> getcallargs(f) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: f() takes at least 1 argument (0 given) .. versionadded:: 2.7 .. _inspect-stack: The interpreter stack --------------------- When the following functions return "frame records," each record is a tuple of six items: the frame object, the filename, the line number of the current line, the function name, a list of lines of context from the source code, and the index of the current line within that list. .. note:: Keeping references to frame objects, as found in the first element of the frame records these functions return, can cause your program to create reference cycles. Once a reference cycle has been created, the lifespan of all objects which can be accessed from the objects which form the cycle can become much longer even if Python's optional cycle detector is enabled. If such cycles must be created, it is important to ensure they are explicitly broken to avoid the delayed destruction of objects and increased memory consumption which occurs. Though the cycle detector will catch these, destruction of the frames (and local variables) can be made deterministic by removing the cycle in a :keyword:`finally` clause. This is also important if the cycle detector was disabled when Python was compiled or using :func:`gc.disable`. For example:: def handle_stackframe_without_leak(): frame = inspect.currentframe() try: # do something with the frame finally: del frame The optional *context* argument supported by most of these functions specifies the number of lines of context to return, which are centered around the current line. .. function:: getframeinfo(frame[, context]) Get information about a frame or traceback object. A 5-tuple is returned, the last five elements of the frame's frame record. .. versionchanged:: 2.6 Returns a :term:`named tuple` ``Traceback(filename, lineno, function, code_context, index)``. .. function:: getouterframes(frame[, context]) Get a list of frame records for a frame and all outer frames. These frames represent the calls that lead to the creation of *frame*. The first entry in the returned list represents *frame*; the last entry represents the outermost call on *frame*'s stack. .. function:: getinnerframes(traceback[, context]) Get a list of frame records for a traceback's frame and all inner frames. These frames represent calls made as a consequence of *frame*. The first entry in the list represents *traceback*; the last entry represents where the exception was raised. .. function:: currentframe() Return the frame object for the caller's stack frame. .. impl-detail:: This function relies on Python stack frame support in the interpreter, which isn't guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python. If running in an implementation without Python stack frame support this function returns ``None``. .. function:: stack([context]) Return a list of frame records for the caller's stack. The first entry in the returned list represents the caller; the last entry represents the outermost call on the stack. .. function:: trace([context]) Return a list of frame records for the stack between the current frame and the frame in which an exception currently being handled was raised in. The first entry in the list represents the caller; the last entry represents where the exception was raised.